Volume II,Issue IV, March 2026
Volume-II, Issue-IV, March, 2026 |
Received: 25.03.2026 | Accepted: 28.03.2026 | ||
Published Online: 31.03.2026 | Page No: | ||
DOI: 10.69655/atmadeep.vol.2.issue.04W. | |||
এখনো যারা (ব্রাত্যজন) নাগরিকত্ব সংকটে: প্রসঙ্গ ভারত-বাংলাদেশ ছিটমহল বিমল সরকার, গবেষক, স্কুল অফ ইন্টারন্যাশনাল রিলেশনস এন্ড স্ট্র্যাটেজিক স্টাডিজ, যাদবপুর বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়, পশ্চিমবঙ্গ, ভারত |
Those Still Marginalized in a
Citizenship Crisis: The Case of the India–Bangladesh Enclaves Bimal Sarkar, Research Scholar, School of International Relations and Strategic Studies, Jadavpur University, West Bengal, India | ||
ABSTRACT | ||
The India–Bangladesh enclave issue is a long-standing geographical and humanitarian crisis in South Asia, where populations living in isolated, landlocked territories remained outside the framework of citizenship, basic rights, and state services for many years. The exchange and integration of enclaves were completed through the 2015 Land Boundary Agreement between India and Bangladesh, marking a significant step toward resolving this prolonged issue. However, in the post-agreement reality, many residents still face challenges in obtaining citizenship, securing legal recognition of land ownership, acquiring identity documents, and achieving full socio-economic inclusion. These ongoing difficulties highlight the complexity of transitioning from statelessness to formal citizenship and integration. This study examines the changes following the agreement and the current challenges of the citizenship crisis. It also identifies policy limitations and gaps in implementation, emphasising the need for sustainable, inclusive, and effective solutions to ensure the rights and integration of enclave residents. This research also underscores the need for human-centred solutions to ensure the complete integration and protection of the rights of enclave residents. | ||
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